Watering machine: review
A water washer is a communal machine designed for watering and washing roads in populated areas. It is a type of combined road vehicles (CRMs) equipped with watering equipment.
History of watering machines
Equipment for cleaning and washing streets began to be installed on cars in the first quarter of the 20th century; in the 1930s, such equipment worked in many European cities. In the USSR, watering machines and other municipal machines began to be built in the mid-1930s, and their mass production began in the post-war years.
Classification and design of a watering machine
Machines are divided into two types according to the method of aggregation:
- Based on truck chassis;
- Attachments for tractors.
A watering machine consists of a tank, pumping, watering and auxiliary equipment. The tank has a neck, a central valve, a filter system and water level sensors. Water is taken and pumped by a centrifugal pump; water is supplied through a pressure pipeline to rotary nozzles with nozzles, through which it is supplied to the road surface or lawn. There are also side outlets for fire hoses. The machine has a drive for the central valve and rotary nozzles, as well as a water flow control system.
When a machine is mounted on a truck chassis, the tank (steel or plastic) is mounted on its frame. To be aggregated with a tractor, the tank is made in the form of a semi-trailer or trailer. The pump and hydraulic equipment are driven from the box or power take-off shaft.
Additional equipment includes brushes (stationary, rotary, different widths), guns, nozzles for flushing pipelines, sand bins, etc.
Main characteristics of watering machines
Machine characteristics include:
- Tank volume;
- High-pressure washing area;
- Irrigation area (low-pressure washing);
- Characteristics of auxiliary equipment - diameter and length of flushed pipelines, brush cleaning area, etc.;
- Chassis characteristics - weight, power, etc.
Watering machines are equipped with tanks from 4 to 13 cubic meters. m., have a road washing area from 3 to 12 m (standard – 8.5 m) and an irrigation area up to 20 m, a brush cleaning area does not exceed 2.5 m, the diameter of the washed pipelines reaches 0.3 m with a length of up to 30 m .
Manufacturers of watering machines
In Russia, the most widely used machines are the Ural Special Equipment Plant (UZST), OJSC Irmash, Arzamas Municipal Engineering Plant (KOMMASH), Mtsensk, Ryazhsky Automobile Repair Plant (RARZ), Kemerovo Experimental Mechanical Repair Plant (KORMZ), Kurgan Road Road Plant machines from Kurgandormash and some other factories.
Interesting factors about sprinklers
One of the largest watering machines is manufactured by the Arzamas plant KOMMASH: the KO-829B model is equipped with a tank with a capacity of up to 14 cubic meters. m, and the width of its working area reaches 20 m.
RAIN ON WHEELS
...There are truths that are familiar to everyone from childhood. To get a good harvest, plants must be given sufficient moisture during their growth period. And if in the latitudes of the central part of the European territory of our country plants can quench their thirst with rainwater, then in Kazakhstan and Central Asia the picture is different. There is a lot of sun there, you can get it - and get it! - incredible harvests, but at the same time there is very little water there.
Irrigation in our country, like many other sectors of the national economy, received enormous development after Lenin’s decrees. In fifty pre-revolutionary years, only 34 thousand hectares of land were irrigated in Turkestan. And the historical decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On the organization of irrigation work in Turkestan,” signed by Vladimir Ilyich on May 17, 1918, provided for the irrigation of about 740 thousand acres of land (approximately 800 thousand hectares) in Turkestan within five years. 4 billion rubles were allocated for these purposes. A special department for irrigation work in Turkestan, “Irtur,” was created.
Three years later, as the Civil War was drawing to a close, a new enemy was looming: drought. On April 29, 1921, the Council of Labor and Defense, at the suggestion of V.I. Lenin, adopted a resolution “On the fight against drought.”
These first events, carried out on the initiative of Vladimir Ilyich, marked the beginning of a broad program of arid land reclamation. Today, the exposition of a special pavilion at the USSR Exhibition of Achievements of Economic Achievements, “Reclamation and Water Management,” tells about the success of its implementation. Its stands show that irrigation work has received particularly widespread development in recent years after the May (1966) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, dedicated to the problems of land reclamation.
Photo 1.
Rice. 1.
In 1969, there were 9,593 thousand hectares of irrigated land in our country. The Directives of the XXIV Party Congress say: “Develop projects and carry out the construction of technically advanced irrigation and water supply systems with automation of water distribution and high-performance irrigation equipment.” Over the current five-year period, the area of irrigated land should increase by 3 million hectares. And then this figure will increase more and more. Otherwise it can not be; After all, 4-5 times more crop is harvested from a hectare of irrigated arable land than from a hectare of non-irrigated land. And here is an example: irrigated lands occupy only 3.2% of the cultivated area of the Kazakh SSR, but they provide 17.8% of the gross agricultural output of this republic.
Irrigated agriculture today is a broad field of activity. Without extensive knowledge of many, sometimes very distant from each other, branches of science and technology, it is impossible to develop an optimal irrigation system and a set of necessary mechanisms. It is on this path that the new agricultural technology of irrigated farming is born.
The halls of the “Irrigation and Water Management” pavilion reflect three methods of supplying and distributing water to an irrigated area: surface, subsurface and sprinkling.
Superficial came to us from hoary antiquity. When an irrigation ditch or ditch is blocked, water spills and floods the area or furrows. Surface irrigation is very widespread because you can do without special machines and scarce materials. But with this method it is difficult to regulate soil moisture.
With new, subsurface irrigation, perforated pipes are laid in the ground through which water flows and is absorbed into the soil. This method is just beginning to be used. He has not yet essentially left the experimental stage.
Another rapidly developing method of irrigation is sprinkler irrigation. It is considered the most progressive from both agrotechnical and reclamation points of view, since it makes it possible to regulate the amount of water supplied within a wide range. In addition, sprinkling is a path to mechanization and automation of irrigation work. After all, rain is created by special machines, and they can be set to the required mode and their work automated. It is not surprising that the size of the areas where sprinkling is used is growing all the time.
The advantages of sprinkling over surface watering are obvious. The soil is soaked to a shallow depth, and this is very important, because if the level of subsoil mineralized layers is high and water reaches them from above, it will capture salts and spoil the soil with them. You can pour small amounts of Veda, but often. The microclimate improves, as the layer of air near the ground is moistened; evaporation is reduced. Raindrops wash away dust from the leaves, making it easier for the plant to breathe. Fertilizers and pesticides dissolve better. If the terrain of the field is uneven, it is also best to use sprinkling, since it eliminates the need to level the areas.
Photo 2.
Rice. 2.
At VDNH of the USSR you can see several types of sprinkler systems. They are divided into short-jet - KDU (jet flight range 10 m); medium jet - SDU (25-30 m) and long jet - DDU (60 m). Rain intensity for different soils, from heavy to light, from 0.1 to 0.8 mm/min. At this intensity, the water has time to be completely absorbed into the soil and no puddles form.
There are moving and positional sprinkler systems.
In the first, the pump and sprinkler unit are located on a tractor, which moves along the sprinkler, sucks water from it through a hose and, using sprinkler devices, sprays it over the field in the form of rain. Positional units are connected directly to the pressure pipeline, or water is supplied to them from an open network.
In our country, short-spray installations DDA100M are widely used, consisting of sprinkler wings - dismountable portable thin-walled pipelines rolled on carts. These installations are technically reliable, but can only draw water from an open network. In addition, this machine cannot be used on slopes. New products from VDNKh-74, which have been widely used in the fields in the current five-year plan, are the Volzhanka and Fregat sprinkler systems.
The Volgograd Experimental Plant for Irrigation Equipment, together with the Azerbaijan Research Institute, developed a project for a new irrigation machine DKSh-64 “Volzhanka”.
"Volzhanka" (photo 1) is essentially a pipeline on wheeled supports with mechanized movement. It is intended for sprinkling irrigation of grain, vegetables, melons and industrial crops with a height of no more than 1.5 m, artificial meadows and pastures. The machine carries out pre-sowing, planting (when planting seedlings and seedlings), vegetation and anti-frost irrigation. “Volzhanka” is connected to a stationary, closed or collapsible pipeline, in which water flows under pressure created by pumps.
The machine consists of two wings located on both sides of the irrigation network. The length of each wing is 39 m. It is made of joined aluminum pipes 12.6 m long, outer Ø 130 mm. The pipe wall thickness is 2.5 mm. The pipeline is also the axis of the support wheels, through which torque from the engine is transmitted.
Engines with a power of 4 p.s. fixed in the center of each wing on a driving trolley (Fig. 1]. The trolley is a frame welded from channels, to which an engine with a gearbox and chain drive, wheels, and a tool box are attached.
Each pipeline wing has 32 wheels, assembled from two halves connected by bolts. Each wheel has 16 spokes and 8 lugs (spurs), except for the two wheels of the driving bogie, which have 32 spokes and 16 lugs. The wheels are located in the middle of each section. The only exceptions are the end pipes, on which there are two wheels at a distance of 2.8 m from each end of the pipe.
The sections are connected to each other by flanges welded to their ends and four bolts. In one of the flanges of each section there is a hole for the spray device. It is circular, has one nozzle Ø7 mm or two nozzles Ø7 and 4 mm. Depending on which nozzles are installed, the water flow ranges from 0.9 to 1.0 l/sec.
“Volzhanka” is connected to the pressure irrigation network, the hydrant is opened, and water flows into the irrigation pipeline. Then the pressure increases, water rushes into the sprinklers and sprays out.
Those who have read Welps's "Struggle of the Worlds" probably remember that in this science fiction novel the Marscan weapons were moving triangular towers. The Fregat installation (photo 2) from a distance resembles such an unearthly structure with a line of A-shaped supports and the huge wheels of this moving pipeline.
"Fregat" is designed for watering all agricultural crops. It can work on fields with difficult terrain and slopes up to 0.05. The machine is a pipeline moving in a circle, installed on 16 self-propelled A-shaped trolley supports (Fig. 2). The pipeline is made of galvanized steel pipes of variable cross-section: from the center to the seventh support Ø178 mm; further - Ø 152 mm.
Rice. 3.
What is most surprising about this machine is that, although it does not have any engines, it nevertheless moves and rotates. "Frigate" operates thanks to the same water.
Under the field in which Fregat operates there is a network of underground pressure pipelines, and somewhere in the center of the field there is a specially designed hydrant firmly fixed to the foundation. This hydrant is the axis of rotation of the huge machine, and the Frigate’s water intake device is attached to it.
Water, flowing under pressure through a pipeline, enters the hydraulic cylinders of the machine’s supports, and they drive the wheels (Fig. 3) through a system of levers and pushers. The pipeline is equipped with medium-jet jet-type sprinklers. They rotate when the car moves in a circle. Water the area evenly.
And if the plot is square! How to water the corners of it that extend beyond the area of the circle! For this case, a long-range sprinkler is installed at the ends of the pipeline, which automatically turns on at the corners of the square section. The operator servicing the system sets it a certain speed of movement corresponding to the specified irrigation rate.
To prevent the pipeline from bending or swaying, the machine is equipped with a system of vertical and horizontal cables - just like the rigging on a real frigate.
If one of the carts runs forward or is delayed when moving relative to the common pipeline line, then the amount of water supplied to the hydraulic cylinders of these carts automatically changes, which affects the speed, and the pipeline is leveled. To prevent trolley supports from rolling on their own on slopes, they are equipped with mechanical brakes.
If the bend of the pipeline exceeds the permissible limits, a mechanical or electrical protection system is activated. In the first case, the car stops. In the second, the power supply system for the pumps is turned off or a signal is given to close the electrohydraulic valve. The Fregat is transferred from one position to another using a 3-ton class tractor. This requires 5-6 hours.
“Fregat” is a high-performance modern irrigation machine. It distributes “rain” evenly, works on fields with difficult terrain, and can withstand wind speeds of up to 10 m/sec. It is especially beneficial to use “Fregat” on soil with a shallow fertile layer that cannot be leveled for surface irrigation. Thanks to the automation of the operating mode and the reliability of the protection system, Fregat can operate around the clock. And finally, it is capable of spraying liquid and soluble mineral fertilizers simultaneously with water.
Both new sprinkler systems “Volzhanka” and “Fregat” have already found wide application. In 1972, 500 Frigates and 1000 Volzhanok were delivered to farms; in 1973, the supply of Frigates doubled, and Volzhanok tripled. And in the future they will find even wider use in the Volga region, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the North Caucasus, in the central zone of the European territory of the country, in the Southern Urals, in Central Asia and other zones.
R. YAROV
We recommend reading
- TO NOT BLAST Interior doors usually do not reach the floor, and because of this, a draft flows through the legs, and the door slams, especially if the window is open. Colds in such a room are constantly prescribed...
- MADE OF PAPER, BUT BEAUTIFUL Industrially produced table lamps rarely have beautiful lampshades. And glass ones often break. Therefore, many DIYers are keen on making original table lamps...
